Associations among particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants and methane emissions from the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility during the 2015 blowout.

In October of 2015, a large underground storage well at the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility experienced a massive methane leak (also referred to as "natural gas blowout"), which resulted in the largest ever anthropogenic release of methane from a single point source in the United States. Additional sampling conducted during the event revealed unique gas and particle concentrations in ambient air and a characteristic "fingerprint" of metals in the indoor dust samples similar to samples taken at the blowout site. We further investigated the association between the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage site and several measured air pollutants by: (a) conducting additional emission source studies using meteorological data and correlations between particulate matter, methane, and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) collected during the natural gas blowout at distances ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 km due south of well SS25, (b) identifying the unique i/n-pentane ratio signature associated with emissions from the blowout event, and (c) identifying characteristics unique to the homes that tested positive for air pollutants using data collected from extensive indoor environmental assessment surveys. Results of air quality samples collected near Aliso Canyon during the final weeks of the event revealed that elevated levels of several HAP compounds were likely influenced by the active natural gas blowout. Furthermore, the final attempts to plug the well during the days preceding the well kill were associated with particle emissions likely from the well site. Together, this investigation suggests uncontrolled leaks or blowout events at natural gas storage facilities have the potential to release harmful pollutants with adverse health and environmental consequences into proximate communities. With this evidence, our recommendations include facility-specific meteorological and air quality data-collection equipment installed at natural gas storage facilities and support of environmental surveillance after severe off-normal operation events.

¿Mejor prevenir que indemnizar?. Los accidentes de trabajo en Argentina, 1915-1955 / Better to prevent than indemnify? Work accidents in Argentina

En sincronía con la sanción y la reglamentación de la Ley de Accidentes de Trabajo en la Argentina (1915) se impulsaron una serie de medidas para prevenir los accidentes laborales y las enfermedades profesionales. Las mismas fueron diseñadas en forma asistemática y espasmódica tanto desde las agencias estatales como también por los sectores industriales. El artículo indaga en los debates legislativos, las revistas oficiales y profesionales y en los soportes gráficos con el objetivo de mostrar que en la gestión tanto gubernamental como privada, en el período estudiado, primó la lógica indemnizatoria por sobre la preventiva, y ambas estrategias se conjugaron como mecanismos de resolución de los desajustes del trabajo. Estudiar cuáles fueron las políticas preventivas y a quiénes se dirigió la difusión gráfica y las recomendaciones es una vía para analizar las inclusiones y exclusiones en el proceso de delimitación de las políticas sociales. La relevancia de este punto radica en que sobre el dilema de la responsabilidad individual o responsabilidad social, se ha construido gran parte del corpus legal en torno a las políticas sociales

In line with the sanctions and regulations of the Work Accident Law in Argentina (1915), a series of measures were adopted to prevent work accidents and professional diseases. They were designed in a non-systemic and spasmodic fashion by both state agencies and industrial sectors. Based on the investigation of legislative debates, official and professional journals, and graphic materials, this article shows that an indemnifying approach prevailed over a preventive approach in governmental and private management bodies during this period and that the two strategies were combined as mechanisms for resolving work problems. Study of the preventive policies, poster campaigns, and target audiences of recommendations is one method to identify those who were included in social policies and those who were excluded. The relevance of this issue lies in the fact that a large part of the corpus of law on social policies has been constructed around the dilemma of individual or social responsibility

Maria, Ida e Dorací: acidentes de trabalho das mulheres nas minas de carvão de Criciúma/SC (Brasil) na década de 1940 / Maria, Ida, and Dorací: work accidents involving women in the coal mines of Criciúma (Brazil) in the 1940s

Este artigo analisa os acidentes de trabalho envolvendo mulheres que trabalharam na mineração de carvão no município de Criciúma, localizado no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, na década de 1940. A partir dos processos de Justiça, é problematizado como os acidentes impactavam a vida dessas trabalhadoras, afetando suas atividades de trabalho dentro e fora dos espaços de produção. Além de refletir sobre um aspecto pouco estudado pela literatura, este artigo também faz um balanço quantitativo dos processos envolvendo mulheres trabalhadoras, a fim de analisar quais são os resultados alcançados pelos mesmos

This article analyzes work accidents involving women in coal mining in the city of Criciúma in the state of Santa Catarina (Brazil) during the 1940s. Based on court cases, we address the question of how accidents impacted on the life of these workers, affecting their work activities within and outside production spaces. Besides reflecting on an aspect that has been little studied in the literature, this article also makes a quantitative assessment of cases involving workers, analyzing the results obtained

[Medical Knowledge in Accident Insurance : Assessing "Pneumatic Tool Damages" at the Bergmannsheil Hospital, 1929-1944]. / Medizinisches Wissen in der Unfallversicherung : Die Begutachtung von "Preßluftschäden" im Krankenhaus Bergmannsheil, 1929­1944.

The article focuses on one central element of medical activity in the context of the German social insurance system: providing expert assessments in accident pension cases. Taking an example from interwar coal mining, it aims to reconstruct how social policy makers first conceived of "pneumatic tool damages" as occupational disease and how trauma surgeons had to deal with this new entity of social law once it had been institutionalized in 1929. Drawing on physicians' publications as well as archival sources from the supreme court in social insurance, the Reichsversicherungsamt, the article examines how the controversial generation of new knowledge took place. It argues that medical knowledge was neither simply applied to administration and law nor was it compromised by the necessity to adjust it to those fields of decision-making. Expert medical opinions should instead be understood as a specific form of medical knowledge.

A Case History Introducing the Oregon Ag Seminar Series-Keys to Program and Research-to-Practice Success.

This case history of Oregon state's Ag Seminar Series is consistent with the Socio-Ecological Model, demonstrating how policy at a state level can influence an organizational approach with impacts that ultimately influence safety practices on the farm. From modest beginnings, the Ag Seminar Series, offered through a workers compensation insurance company, now serves over 2,300 Oregon farmers annually in English and Spanish. This case offers unique but also replicable methods for educators, insurers, and researchers in safety education, safety motivators, and research-to-practice (r2p).

How Protective Eyewear Has Changed Dramatically Over the Decades.

Today's safety eyewear can be so lightweight and comfortable that at times workers don't even notice they are wearing it once it's on.

British merchant seafarers 1900-2010: A history of extreme risks of mortality from infectious disease.

BACKGROUND: This study established trends in major infectious disease mortality in British merchant shipping from 1900 to 2010 as compared with the British male working population and the Royal Navy. METHODS: A population mortality study of six infectious diseases using annual government mortality returns and death inquiry files for British merchant shipping and the Royal Navy, and official mortality data for the general male working aged population. FINDINGS: Relative mortality risks for each disease were increased significantly in British merchant shipping when compared with the general population; malaria by 58.2 fold, yellow fever (6276), typhoid (9.5), cholera (1734), dysentery (20.6) and smallpox (142). For all six diseases combined, relative mortality risks were 21.5 compared with the general population and 3.5 compared with the Royal Navy. Mortality trend patterns varied between diseases, but reductions in mortality in British merchant shipping consistently lagged many years behind those in both the British general population and the Royal Navy. CONCLUSIONS: Merchant seamen were at far higher risk of death than probably any other occupational group of the population. Much of these excess risks came from exposure to infection in unhygienic and tropical ports, although some was a result of neglect of feasible preventative measures.

Expertise, accidents and hernias in the context of the right to health, Colombia 1915-1946.

For most physicians, the assessment of disability in cases of work accident or occupational disease is very relative matter, and clinical judgments are subjective and unsatisfactory in legal settings. Work accident legislation gives them the task of deciding on any causal links between accident and disease and indicating any economic compensation that should be awarded. They must therefore reach beyond their scientific knowledge to understand the multitude of social factors that underlie these problems in the world of work. In this article, we analyze Colombian sources from the first half of the 20th century on the physiology of labor, fatigue, professional risk, work accidents, occupational diseases, among other issues. The aim is to advance understanding of how the field of medical knowledge established an ethical approach for experts in cases of occupational accidents, focusing on hernias, typical misfortunes of the world of work.

Perícias, acidentes e hérnias no contexto do direito à saúde, Colômbia 1915-1946 / Expertise, accidents and hernias in the context of the right to health, Colombia 1915-1946

Para a maioria dos médicos, a apreciação da incapacidade em casos de acidentes de trabalho ou doenças profissionais era um assunto bastante relativo e juízo clínico, subjetivo e pouco satisfatório em questões jurídicas. No esquema da lei de acidentes de trabalho, eles tinham a função de julgar o nexo de causalidade entre o acidente e a doença, ao mesmo tempo que indicar o tipo de compensação econômica que devia receber o trabalhador. Para isto, deviam ir além do conhecimento científico e compreender a multiplicidade de fatores sociais que envolvem o infortúnio no mundo do trabalho. Neste artigo, analisam-se fontes colombianas da primeira metade do século XX, sobre questões como fisiologia do trabalho, fadiga, risco profissional, acidentes de trabalho, doenças profissionais, etc. Pretende-se avançar na compreensão da maneira como o campo de saber médico foi configurando uma espécie de deontologia pericial nos casos de acidente de trabalho, porém, se concentra nas hérnias, um dos estigmas típicos do mundo do trabalho (AU)

For most physicians, the assessment of disability in cases of work accident or occupational disease is very relative matter, and clinical judgments are subjective and unsatisfactory in legal settings. Work accident legislation gives them the task of deciding on any causal links between accident and disease and indicating any economic compensation that should be awarded. They must therefore reach beyond their scientific knowledge to understand the multitude of social factors that underlie these problems in the world of work. In this article, we analyze Colombian sources from the first half of the 20th century on the physiology of labor, fatigue, professional risk, work accidents, occupational diseases, among other issues. The aim is to advance understanding of how the field of medical knowledge established an ethical approach for experts in cases of occupational accidents, focusing on hernias, typical misfortunes of the world of work (AU)

[Accident cause masculinity?--Gender-related issues of accident victims between prevention and coping in Kaiserreich and Weimarer Republik]. / Unfallursache Männlichkeit?--Geschlechterspezifische Aspekte bei Arbeitsunfallopfern zwischen Prävention und FolgenbewäItigung in Kaiserreich und Weimarer Republik.

Occupational accidents in industrial workplaces are a specific health problem for man. Therefore it seems adequate to use masculinities as a category of research in this field. For the Kaiserreich and the Weimarer Republik it shows that male workers relating to their danger awareness and behavior, prevention, accident causes and coping strategies are settled in an area of conflict between a hard workplace environment and the family. On the basis of health practices of the accident victims it appears that there are different forms of labor masculinities. They have an important influence on all levels of an occupational accident from the endangerment to the success of the treatment. Through a critical use of the category academic void can be shown and alternative explanatory models can be offered.

Transnational dialogues between specialist and institutional knowledge in occupational accident legislation, first half of the twentieth century.

In the early twentieth century, Argentina began legislating occupational safety. Law no.9.688 legislated accidents in the workplace (1915) and granted legal jurisdiction to work-related problems. The approval of this legislation was in dialogue with proposals being produced in other regions. The links established between local figures and colleagues elsewhere are useful for examining the circulation, reception and legitimation of knowledge on a regional scale. The objective of this article is to examine the transnational references in local discussions about occupational accidents in Peru and Chile during the first half of the twentieth century.

[Industrial first aid equipment: a historical analysis (1840-1914) ]. / Gli strumenti di pronto soccorso in azienda: un'analisi storica (1840-1914).

Even if references to the tools required to intervene after an accident can be found in the works of Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) or Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821), it was only with the development of industrial manufacturing that the need to study means to prevent and intervene in cases of accident became evident. In October 1894 the III Congrés International des Accidents du Travail et des Assurances Sociales was held in Milan. The following year, the Milanese trade union movement acknowledged the necessity to address the problem of industrial accidents. In 1896 the Association for Medical Assistance in  Industrial Accidents was founded in Milan. A specific medical institute was set up, appropriate first aid tools were collected and first aid rooms in the main Milanese factories were inaugurated. Nevertheless, few data seem to be available regarding the manufacture and use of this equipment in industry. We analyzed more than fifty catalogs of European industrial products, between 1843 and 1914, to study the evolution of first aid equipment for industrial use. They reflect and attest to the evolution of medicine and surgery, although some models seem to be related to certain industrial categories (railways, electrical appliances), some were similar to ordinary first aid boxes, others were strictly related to surgery; some could only be used by physicians, and others only by workers. Identification, conservation, and reappraisal of these tools is essential for historians of occupational health because these objects were normally not preserved. The catalogues of industrial production are also precious sources, since they are rarely preserved in public libraries and deserve to be used for historical studies.

Mortality from accidents, disease, suicide and homicide in the British fishing industry from 1900 to 2010.

BACKGROUND: To establish the causes of mortality in the British fishing industry from 1900 up to 2010, to investigate long term trends in mortality and to identify causal factors in the mortality patterns and rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal study, based on examinations of official death inquiry files, marine accident investigation files and reports, death registers and annual death returns. RESULTS: Mortality rates from accidents while working at sea remain high in the British fishing industry. Over the twentieth century there has been a progressive fall in the numbers of deaths, much of this relates to changes in fishing methods and in the types of vessels used. However in recent years, and with a fleet of smaller vessels, the mortality rates from accidents have shown little change and a larger proportion of deaths than in the past have arisen from personal injuries and drowning as compared to vessel losses. Disease makes a relatively small contribution to mortality at sea and this has dwindled with the decline in distant water fishing. Suicide and homicide both feature in a small way, but rates cannot readily be compared with those ashore. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of change in vessels, fisheries and fishing techniques over the study period are complex. However, improved injury and drowning prevention is the most important way to reduce deaths, coupled with attention to vessel stability and maintenance. The social, economic and organisational features of the fishing industry mean that securing improvements in these areas is a major challenge.

The three essentials for accident prevention.

This article was written by Crystal Eastman when she was Secretary of the New York Commission on Employers' Liability and Causes of Industrial Accidents, Unemployment, and Lack of Farm Labor. It was published in July of 1911, in Volume 38, Number 1 of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pages 98-107. The issue title was "Risks in Modern Industry." Eastman calls for the prevention of workplace accidents through three essentials: injury surveillance/reporting (with annual public reporting of the data); government enforcement of accident prevention laws, via departments with well-paid and well-trained officials and inspectors, fines that are high enough to be a deterrence to employers, and the power to have police shut down a factory if preventive measures are not installed; and a workers' compensation system-"a system of liability by which an employer can reduce his accident costs, not by hiring a more unscrupulous attorney and a more hard-hearted claim agent, but only by reducing his accidents."

Grace Burnham McDonald, founder of the Workers' Health Bureau: "you have to see it in the context of organized labor's right to survive and to represent its members".

Grace Burnham McDonald (born in 1889) was a founder of the Workers Health Bureau in New York City in 1921. She started the Bureau after her experience with the Joint Board of Sanitary Control. The Bureau assessed workplace health and safety risks, educated labor unions about these issues, and advocated for laws to ensure the highest degree of workplace protection. Her Bureau colleagues were Harriet Silverman and Charlotte Todes (Stern). Burnham McDonald supported the Bureau with part of her 1923 inheritance from her first husband. After years of effective work, the Workers' Health Bureau shut down in 1929, largely as a result of diminished support from the unions, whose focus had shifted to purely economic issues, and the dissociation of the AFL from the Bureau. In later life, Burnham McDonald moved to California, where she became involved in some of the same causes, especially as they affected agricultural laborers. An interview with Charlotte Todes Stern follows and appears on page 337 of this issue.

Charlotte Todes Stern, staff member of the Workers' Health Bureau: "we were in advance of our time".

Charlotte Todes Stern (5/5/1897-11/15/1996) was a radical activist for most her life, beginning with her introduction to YPSL (Young People's Socialist League) during her college years. In 1923, Todes Stern became a staff member of the Workers' Health Bureau (WHB), and two years later she became their Organizing Secretary. She traveled the United States organizing for the WHB until 1927. This is the third of seven interviews with Charlotte Todes Stern, conducted by Rosalyn Baxandall for the Feminist History Research Project. This interview focuses on the Workers' Health Bureau, its formation, early efforts with the Painters' union in New York, its accomplishments and efforts to obtain safer and healthier working conditions for workers throughout industry, and its organization of annual national conferences for occupational health and safety. Todes Stern discusses the conflicts with the American Federation of Labor and the demise of the Bureau. An interview with Grace Burnham McDonald appears on page 327 of this issue.

The labor movement's role in gaining federal safety and health standards to protect America's workers.

In the United States, unions sometimes joined by worker advocacy groups (e.g., Public Citizen and the American Public Health Association) have played a critical role in strengthening worker safety and health protections. They have sought to improve standards that protect workers by participating in the rulemaking process, through written comments and involvement in hearings; lobbying decision-makers; petitioning the Department of Labor; and defending improved standards in court. Their efforts have culminated in more stringent exposure standards, access to information about the presence of potentially hazardous toxic chemicals, and improved access to personal protective equipment-further improving working conditions in the United States.